ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a very important crop for Brazil, and especially for Chapada do Parecis which is the largest domestic producer, because of its climate and soil conditions are adequate to the development of the specie. The performance of cultivars and sunflower seed sowing periods were evaluated in Central Brazil. Experimental design comprised an 8 x 5 factorial randomized complete block, with eight sunflower cultivars (Aguará 06, Aguará 04, MG 305, CF 101, SYN 3950HO, SYN 045, GNZ NEON and HELIO 251) and five decennial seeding periods, with three replicates. Analysis of variance and Scott-Knott´s test (p<0.05) were applied. Cultivars GNZ NEON and SYN 045 provide the highest production rates in achenes, with higher value in favor of GNZ NEON. SYN 3950HO (this with higher value), CF101, MG 305, SYN 045 and Aguará 04 gets the highest oil rates in the achenes, with SYN 045, GNZ NEON, Aguará 04, CF101 and SYN 3950HO with the highest oil production. The first seed sowing period is the most productive and the first and fifth periods have the best results for oil productivity. Cultivar GNZ NEON and the first period exceede the others with regard to vegetative and reproductive variables.
RESUMO O girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) é uma cultura de grande importância para o Brasil, e especialmente para Chapada do Parecis, que é o maior produtor nacional, em virtude das suas condições edafoclimáticas serem propicias ao desenvolvimento da espécie. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de cultivares e épocas de semeadura do girassol no Brasil Central. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 8 x 5, sendo oito cultivares de girassol (Aguará 06, Aguará 04, MG 305, CF 101, SYN 3950HO, SYN 045, NEON e HELIO 251) e cinco épocas decendiais de semeadura, com três repetições. Aplicou-se análise de variância e teste Scott-Knott (p<0,05). As cultivares GNZ NEON e SYN 045 proporcionaram maiores produtividades de aquênios, com valor superior em favor da GNZ NEON. A SYN 3950HO (esta com valor superior), CF101, MG 305, SYN 045 e Aguará 04, obtiveram os maiores teores de óleo nos aquênios. A 1ª época de semeadura foi a mais produtiva, assim como a 1ª e a 5ª épocas apresentaram os melhores resultados para produtividade de óleo. A cultivar GNZ NEON e a 1ª época foram as que se destacaram das demais, tanto para as variáveis vegetativas como para as reprodutivas.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: para la explotación de Malvaviscus arboreus con fines medicinales se necesita la determinación de algunos parámetros.Objetivos: establecer los parámetros de cultivo y poscosecha. Métodos: se determinó la forma de propagación asexual como tipos de estacas, sustratos y plantación directa de estas en el terreno; porcentaje que brotó; el comportamiento de cultivo en 3 fechas, plantando estacas de cualquier tipo directamente en canteros al sol (9 plantas/m2); inicio de cosecha de flores y rendimientos frescos en 15 recolecciones sucesivas por 7 días; presencia de plagas; tamizaje fitoquímico en extractos etéreo, alcohólico y acuoso; parámetros farmacognósticos; tipo de secado; índices numéricos (humedad, cenizas totales, sustancias solubles en agua y alcohol 70 por ciento), y vida útil de la droga conservada por año a temperatura ambiente. Resultados: el mejor enraizamiento fue en zeolita; resultó preferible la plantación directa en área definitiva (90 x 40 cm) en cualquier fecha del año, la óptima fue mayo por mayores rendimientos de flores. Se observó presencia del crisomélido Phylotreta striolata y hongos; Alternaria sp. y Fusarium sp. en ramas. Se identificó mayor diversidad de metabolitos secundarios en el extracto alcohólico. Cualquier tipo de secado fue rápido y mantuvo el color natural de la droga. Las características organolépticas se conservan durante 1 año en frascos de vidrio y polipropileno; en los sobres de polietileno de baja densidad hay pérdida de color y olor a partir de 6 meses y presencia de Lasioderma serricorne en cualquier envase.Conclusiones: se demostró crecimiento vigoroso y alta producción de flores durante casi todo el año a partir de 5 meses de establecido el cultivo, la droga cosechada mantiene calidad por 6 meses en frascos de vidrio ámbar
Introduction: the use of Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. with medicinal purposes requires the determination of some parameters. Objectives: to determine cultivation and pre-crop parameters. Methods: forms of asexual spread such as types of pegs, substratum, and their direct plantation in the land were determined as well as the sprout percentage; cultivation behavior in three different dates, planting different types of pegs in flowerbeds exposed to the sun (9 plants/m²); beginning of the cultivation of flowers and fresh yield in 15 consecutive pickings for 7 days; presence of plagues; phytochemical screening in ethereal, alcoholic and aqueous extracts; pharmacognostic parameters; drying types; numerical values (humidity, total ashes, soluble substances in water and 70 percent alcohol) and useful life of the drug preserved during a year at room temperature. Results: the best growing roots was seen in the zeolite; direct seeding was preferable in a definitive area (90 x 40 cm) at any in date of the year, the optimum date was May due to the possibility of obtaining better production of flowers; presence of chrysomelid Phyllotreta striolata and fungi was observed as well as Alternaria sp. and Fusarium sp. in branches. A greater diversity of secondary metabolites in the alcoholic extract was identified. Any type of drying was fast and maintained the natural color of the drug. The organoloeptic characteristics are kept for a year in glass and polypropylene bottles; in low density polyethylene packs, color and odor loss appears from the 6 months and Lasioderma serricorne is present in any container. Conclusions: a vigorous growth and a high production of flowers were demonstrated during almost all the year from the 5 months of cultivation establishment; the cultivated drug maintains its quality for 6 months in amber glass containers
Subject(s)
Althaea , Crops, Agricultural , PharmacognosyABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: es necesario definir la época adecuada de plantación para cultivar exitosamente Tagetes lucida. OBJETIVOS: obtener valores altos de biomasa y aceite esencial. MÉTODOS: se establecieron estaquilleros y posterior trasplante en 2008 (30 de abril-27 de mayo; 27 de mayo-8 de julio; 24 de junio-30 de julio; 5 de agosto-11 de septiembre). Se determinó la supervivencia de estacas enraizadas en cultivo a pleno sol, la altura de las plantas en el momento de cosecha y el rendimiento fresco de follaje en 4 cosechas; generalmente, a 3 meses del trasplante y las restantes a intervalos de 3 meses. Se estimaron los contenidos de aceite en las cosechas segunda y tercera mediante hidrodestilación y la presencia de componentes por cromatografía en capa delgada (referencias: eugenol, linalol, mirceno). RESULTADOS: se obtuvo supervivencia 98 por ciento en el trasplante; la mayoría de las plantas no superaron 60 cm de altura, se determinó que en el período octubre-inicios de febrero las plantas presentaron completa floración, en mayo floración escasa y en junio-septiembre estado vegetativo y su crecimiento se detiene en invierno. Se demostró que en un período de explotación de 12-13 meses, se alcanzaron los mayores valores en la segunda fecha de plantación, que en la mayoría de las cosechas, salvo en la cuarta, presentaron abundante follaje en floración con altos porcentajes de aceite esencial y que se produce incremento significativo desde la primera hasta la cuarta cosecha, influenciada por las precipitaciones del período lluvioso (mayo/agosto-septiembre/2009). Se constató que después de 6 cortes del follaje, las plantas mostraron formación de tocones de tallos viejos que proporcionan mucho tallo lignificado y, consecuentemente, disminución de calidad del material vegetal a cosechar.
INTRODUCTION: it is necessary to define the appropriate planting period to cultivate successfully Tagetes lucida. OBJECTIVES: to obtain high values of biomass and essential oil. METHODS: picket fences were placed and posterior transplant in 2008 (April 30-May 27-July 8, June 24-30, and August 5-September 11). The survival of rooted stakes was determined in broad daylight culture, the plant's height at harvest and the fresh yield of foliage in four harvests; generally, at three months from the transplant and the remainder ones at three months intervals. The oil content in second and third harvests was estimated by hydrodistillation and presence of components by thin layer chromatography (references: eugenol, linalool, myrcene). RESULTS: there was a 90 percent survival in transplant; most of plants not passed of 60 cm height, determining that in October-the beginning of period February the plants showed a total flowering, in May a scarce flowering and in June-September a vegetative state and their growth stop in winter. It was demonstrate that a farming period of 12-13 months, the higher values in the second planting date were achieved than in most of harvests, except in the fourth one, where they had a abundant foliage in flowering with high percentages of essential oil and a significant increase from the first one up to the fourth harvest, influenced by rainfalls (May/August-September/2009). We confirmed that after the 6 foliage cuts, plants showed the stump of old stems with many lignin stems and consequently, a decrease in the plant material quality to be grown. CONCLUSIONS: the better planting date was where the picket fence was established was May 27, the harvests when plants has flowering and in culture must to be eliminated after 1,5 years
Subject(s)
Crops, Agricultural , Eugenol , Plant Oils , Tagetes/growth & developmentABSTRACT
O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, no ano agrícola de 1984, afim de avaliar a influência de três épocas de plantio (27 de abril, 18 de maio e 14 de julho) na produção total de bulbos de nove cultivares de alho (Allium sativum L.). Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Os maiores rendimentos totais de bulbos foram obtidos no plantio de 18 de maio. Gigante Lavínia foi a cultivar mais produtiva. As cultivares São Lourenço e Gigante Inconfidentes destacaram-se pelos rendimentos, os quais não diferiram significativamente entre si.
The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Santa Maria, in southernmost Brazil, during the growing season of 1984, to determine the influence of three different planting dates (April 27, May 18 and July 14) on the yield of nine garlic, Allium sativum Z., cultivars. The experimental design was a split plot complete block, with planting dates as main plots and cultivars as subplots. Blocks were replicated four times. The highest yields were obtained with planting date May 18. Gigante Lavínia ranked first among cultivars. The outstanding performances of São Lourenço and Gigante Inconfidentes were not significantly different.